// This code is in the public domain -- castanyo@yahoo.es

/** @file Filter.cpp
 * @brief Image filters.
 *
 * Jonathan Blow articles:
 * http://number-none.com/product/Mipmapping, Part 1/index.html
 * http://number-none.com/product/Mipmapping, Part 2/index.html
 *
 * References from Thacher Ulrich:
 * See _Graphics Gems III_ "General Filtered Image Rescaling", Dale A. Schumacher
 * http://tog.acm.org/GraphicsGems/gemsiii/filter.c
 *
 * References from Paul Heckbert:
 * A.V. Oppenheim, R.W. Schafer, Digital Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall, 1975
 *
 * R.W. Hamming, Digital Filters, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1983
 *
 * W.K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, John Wiley and Sons, 1978
 *
 * H.S. Hou, H.C. Andrews, "Cubic Splines for Image Interpolation and
 *	Digital Filtering", IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc.,
 *	vol. ASSP-26, no. 6, Dec. 1978, pp. 508-517
 *
 * Paul Heckbert's zoom library.
 * http://www.xmission.com/~legalize/zoom.html
 * 
 * Reconstruction Filters in Computer Graphics
 * http://www.mentallandscape.com/Papers_siggraph88.pdf
 *
 * More references:
 * http://www.worldserver.com/turk/computergraphics/ResamplingFilters.pdf
 * http://www.dspguide.com/ch16.htm
 */

#include "Filter.h"

#include "nvmath/Vector.h" // Vector4
#include "nvcore/Utils.h" // swap

#include <string.h> // memset

using namespace nv;

namespace
{
    // Sinc function.
    inline static float sincf(const float x)
    {
        if (fabs(x) < NV_EPSILON) {
            //return 1.0;
            return 1.0f + x*x*(-1.0f/6.0f + x*x*1.0f/120.0f);
        }
        else {
            return sinf(x) / x;
        }
    }

    // Bessel function of the first kind from Jon Blow's article.
    // http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BesselFunctionoftheFirstKind.html
    // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel_function
    inline static float bessel0(float x)
    {
        const float EPSILON_RATIO = 1e-6f;
        float xh, sum, pow, ds;
        int k;

        xh = 0.5f * x;
        sum = 1.0f;
        pow = 1.0f;
        k = 0;
        ds = 1.0;
        while (ds > sum * EPSILON_RATIO) {
            ++k;
            pow = pow * (xh / k);
            ds = pow * pow;
            sum = sum + ds;
        }

        return sum;
    }

    /*// Alternative bessel function from Paul Heckbert.
    static float _bessel0(float x)
    {
        const float EPSILON_RATIO = 1E-6;
        float sum = 1.0f;
        float y = x * x / 4.0f;
        float t = y;
        for(int i = 2; t > EPSILON_RATIO; i++) {
            sum += t;
            t *= y / float(i * i);
        }
        return sum;
    }*/

} // namespace


Filter::Filter(float width) : m_width(width)
{
}

/*virtual*/ Filter::~Filter()
{
}

float Filter::sampleDelta(float x, float scale) const
{
    return evaluate((x + 0.5f)* scale);
}

float Filter::sampleBox(float x, float scale, int samples) const
{
    double sum = 0;
    float isamples = 1.0f / float(samples);

    for(int s = 0; s < samples; s++)
    {
        float p = (x + (float(s) + 0.5f) * isamples) * scale;
        float value = evaluate(p);

        //printf("%f: %.8f (%X)\n", p, value, *(uint32 *)&value);

        sum += value;
    }

    return float(sum * isamples);
}

float Filter::sampleTriangle(float x, float scale, int samples) const
{
    double sum = 0;
    float isamples = 1.0f / float(samples);

    for(int s = 0; s < samples; s++)
    {
        float offset = (2 * float(s) + 1.0f) * isamples;		
        float p = (x + offset - 0.5f) * scale;
        float value = evaluate(p);

        float weight = offset;
        if (weight > 1.0f) weight = 2.0f - weight;

        sum += value * weight;
    }

    return float(2 * sum * isamples);
}





BoxFilter::BoxFilter() : Filter(0.5f) {}
BoxFilter::BoxFilter(float width) : Filter(width) {}

float BoxFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    if (fabsf(x) <= m_width) return 1.0f;
    else return 0.0f;
}


TriangleFilter::TriangleFilter() : Filter(1.0f) {}
TriangleFilter::TriangleFilter(float width) : Filter(width) {}

float TriangleFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < m_width ) return m_width - x;
    return 0.0f;
}


QuadraticFilter::QuadraticFilter() : Filter(1.5f) {}

float QuadraticFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < 0.5f ) return 0.75f - x * x;
    if( x < 1.5f ) { 
        float t = x - 1.5f;
        return 0.5f * t * t;
    }
    return 0.0f;
}


CubicFilter::CubicFilter() : Filter(1.0f) {}

float CubicFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    // f(t) = 2|t|^3 - 3|t|^2 + 1, -1 <= t <= 1
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < 1.0f ) return((2.0f * x - 3.0f) * x * x + 1.0f);
    return 0.0f;
}


BSplineFilter::BSplineFilter() : Filter(2.0f) {}

float BSplineFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < 1.0f ) return (4.0f + x * x * (-6.0f + x * 3.0f)) / 6.0f;
    if( x < 2.0f ) { 
        float t = 2.0f - x;
        return t * t * t / 6.0f;
    }
    return 0.0f;
}


MitchellFilter::MitchellFilter() : Filter(2.0f) { setParameters(1.0f/3.0f, 1.0f/3.0f); }

float MitchellFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < 1.0f ) return p0 + x * x * (p2 + x * p3);
    if( x < 2.0f ) return q0 + x * (q1 + x * (q2 + x * q3));
    return 0.0f;
}

void MitchellFilter::setParameters(float b, float c)
{
    p0 = (6.0f -  2.0f * b) / 6.0f;
    p2 = (-18.0f + 12.0f * b + 6.0f * c) / 6.0f;
    p3 = (12.0f - 9.0f * b - 6.0f * c) / 6.0f;
    q0 = (8.0f * b + 24.0f * c) / 6.0f;
    q1 = (-12.0f * b - 48.0f * c) / 6.0f;
    q2 = (6.0f * b + 30.0f * c) / 6.0f;
    q3 = (-b - 6.0f * c) / 6.0f;
}


LanczosFilter::LanczosFilter() : Filter(3.0f) {}

float LanczosFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    x = fabsf(x);
    if( x < 3.0f ) return sincf(PI * x) * sincf(PI * x / 3.0f);
    return 0.0f;
}


SincFilter::SincFilter(float w) : Filter(w) {}

float SincFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    return sincf(PI * x);
}


KaiserFilter::KaiserFilter(float w) : Filter(w) { setParameters(/*alpha=*/4.0f, /*stretch=*/1.0f); }

float KaiserFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    const float sinc_value = sincf(PI * x * stretch);
    const float t = x / m_width;
    if ((1 - t * t) >= 0) return sinc_value * bessel0(alpha * sqrtf(1 - t * t)) / bessel0(alpha);
    else return 0;
}

void KaiserFilter::setParameters(float alpha, float stretch)
{
    this->alpha = alpha;
    this->stretch = stretch;
}

GaussianFilter::GaussianFilter(float w) : Filter(w) { setParameters(1); }

float GaussianFilter::evaluate(float x) const
{
    // variance = sigma^2
    return (1.0f / sqrtf(2 * PI * variance)) * expf(-x*x / (2 * variance));
}

void GaussianFilter::setParameters(float variance)
{
    this->variance = variance;
}



Kernel1::Kernel1(const Filter & f, int iscale, int samples/*= 32*/)
{
    nvDebugCheck(iscale > 1);
    nvDebugCheck(samples > 0);

    const float scale = 1.0f / iscale;

    m_width = f.width() * iscale;
    m_windowSize = (int)ceilf(2 * m_width);
    m_data = new float[m_windowSize];

    const float offset = float(m_windowSize) / 2;

    float total = 0.0f;
    for (int i = 0; i < m_windowSize; i++)
    {
        const float sample = f.sampleBox(i - offset, scale, samples);
        m_data[i] = sample;
        total += sample;
    }

    const float inv = 1.0f / total;
    for (int i = 0; i < m_windowSize; i++)
    {
        m_data[i] *= inv;
    }
}

Kernel1::~Kernel1()
{
    delete [] m_data;
}

// Print the kernel for debugging purposes.
void Kernel1::debugPrint()
{
    for (int i = 0; i < m_windowSize; i++) {
        nvDebug("%d: %f\n", i, m_data[i]);
    }
}



Kernel2::Kernel2(uint ws) : m_windowSize(ws)
{
    m_data = new float[m_windowSize * m_windowSize];
}

Kernel2::Kernel2(uint ws, const float * data) : m_windowSize(ws)
{
    m_data = new float[m_windowSize * m_windowSize];

    memcpy(m_data, data, sizeof(float) * m_windowSize * m_windowSize);
}

Kernel2::Kernel2(const Kernel2 & k) : m_windowSize(k.m_windowSize)
{
    m_data = new float[m_windowSize * m_windowSize];
    for (uint i = 0; i < m_windowSize * m_windowSize; i++) {
        m_data[i] = k.m_data[i];
    }
}


Kernel2::~Kernel2()
{
    delete [] m_data;
}

// Normalize the filter.
void Kernel2::normalize()
{
    float total = 0.0f;
    for(uint i = 0; i < m_windowSize*m_windowSize; i++) {
        total += fabsf(m_data[i]);
    }

    float inv = 1.0f / total;
    for(uint i = 0; i < m_windowSize*m_windowSize; i++) {
        m_data[i] *= inv;
    }
}

// Transpose the kernel.
void Kernel2::transpose()
{
    for(uint i = 0; i < m_windowSize; i++) {
        for(uint j = i+1; j < m_windowSize; j++) {
            swap(m_data[i*m_windowSize + j], m_data[j*m_windowSize + i]);
        }
    }
}

// Init laplacian filter, usually used for sharpening.
void Kernel2::initLaplacian()
{
    nvDebugCheck(m_windowSize == 3);
    //	m_data[0] = -1; m_data[1] = -1; m_data[2] = -1;
    //	m_data[3] = -1; m_data[4] = +8; m_data[5] = -1;
    //	m_data[6] = -1; m_data[7] = -1; m_data[8] = -1;	

    m_data[0] = +0; m_data[1] = -1; m_data[2] = +0;
    m_data[3] = -1; m_data[4] = +4; m_data[5] = -1;
    m_data[6] = +0; m_data[7] = -1; m_data[8] = +0;	

    //	m_data[0] = +1; m_data[1] = -2; m_data[2] = +1;
    //	m_data[3] = -2; m_data[4] = +4; m_data[5] = -2;
    //	m_data[6] = +1; m_data[7] = -2; m_data[8] = +1;	
}


// Init simple edge detection filter.
void Kernel2::initEdgeDetection()
{
    nvCheck(m_windowSize == 3);
    m_data[0] = 0; m_data[1] = 0; m_data[2] = 0;
    m_data[3] =-1; m_data[4] = 0; m_data[5] = 1;
    m_data[6] = 0; m_data[7] = 0; m_data[8] = 0;
}

// Init sobel filter.
void Kernel2::initSobel()
{
    if (m_windowSize == 3)
    {
        m_data[0] = -1; m_data[1] = 0; m_data[2] = 1;
        m_data[3] = -2; m_data[4] = 0; m_data[5] = 2;
        m_data[6] = -1; m_data[7] = 0; m_data[8] = 1;
    }
    else if (m_windowSize == 5)
    {
        float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, 0, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, 0, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, 0, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, 0, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, 0, 2, 1
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 5*5; i++) {
            m_data[i] = elements[i];
        }
    }
    else if (m_windowSize == 7)
    {
        float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, -3, 0, 3, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3,
            -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4,
            -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, -3, 0, 3, 2, 1
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 7*7; i++) {
            m_data[i] = elements[i];
        }
    }
    else if (m_windowSize == 9)
    {
        float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4, 3,
            -4, -5, -6, -7, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4,
            -5, -6, -7, -8, 0, 8, 7, 6, 5,
            -4, -5, -6, -7, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4,
            -3, -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 9*9; i++) {
            m_data[i] = elements[i];
        }
    }
}

// Init prewitt filter.
void Kernel2::initPrewitt()
{
    if (m_windowSize == 3)
    {
        m_data[0] = -1; m_data[1] = 0; m_data[2] = -1;
        m_data[3] = -1; m_data[4] = 0; m_data[5] = -1;
        m_data[6] = -1; m_data[7] = 0; m_data[8] = -1;
    }
    else if (m_windowSize == 5)
    {
        // @@ Is this correct?
        float elements[] = {
            -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
            -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
            -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
            -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
            -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 5*5; i++) {
            m_data[i] = elements[i];
        }
    }
}

// Init blended sobel filter.
void Kernel2::initBlendedSobel(const Vector4 & scale)
{
    nvCheck(m_windowSize == 9);

    {
        const float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4, 3,
            -4, -5, -6, -7, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4,
            -5, -6, -7, -8, 0, 8, 7, 6, 5,
            -4, -5, -6, -7, 0, 7, 6, 5, 4,
            -3, -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2, 1
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 9*9; i++) {
            m_data[i] = elements[i] * scale.w;
        }
    }
    {
        const float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, -3, 0, 3, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3,
            -4, -5, -6, 0, 6, 5, 4,
            -3, -4, -5, 0, 5, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, -4, 0, 4, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, -3, 0, 3, 2, 1,
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
            for (int e = 0; e < 7; e++) {
                m_data[(i + 1) * 9 + e + 1] += elements[i * 7 + e] * scale.z;
            }
        }
    }
    {
        const float elements[] = {
            -1, -2, 0, 2, 1,
            -2, -3, 0, 3, 2,
            -3, -4, 0, 4, 3,
            -2, -3, 0, 3, 2,
            -1, -2, 0, 2, 1
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            for (int e = 0; e < 5; e++) {
                m_data[(i + 2) * 9 + e + 2] += elements[i * 5 + e] * scale.y;
            }
        }
    }
    {
        const float elements[] = {
            -1, 0, 1,
            -2, 0, 2,
            -1, 0, 1,
        };

        for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
            for (int e = 0; e < 3; e++) {
                m_data[(i + 3) * 9 + e + 3] += elements[i * 3 + e] * scale.x;
            }
        }
    }
}


PolyphaseKernel::PolyphaseKernel(const Filter & f, uint srcLength, uint dstLength, int samples/*= 32*/)
{
    nvDebugCheck(samples > 0);

    float scale = float(dstLength) / float(srcLength);
    const float iscale = 1.0f / scale;

    if (scale > 1) {
        // Upsampling.
        samples = 1;
        scale = 1;
    }

    m_length = dstLength;
    m_width = f.width() * iscale;
    m_windowSize = (int)ceilf(m_width * 2) + 1;

    m_data = new float[m_windowSize * m_length];
    memset(m_data, 0, sizeof(float) * m_windowSize * m_length);

    for (uint i = 0; i < m_length; i++)
    {
        const float center = (0.5f + i) * iscale;

        const int left = (int)floorf(center - m_width);
        const int right = (int)ceilf(center + m_width);
        nvDebugCheck(right - left <= m_windowSize);

        float total = 0.0f;
        for (int j = 0; j < m_windowSize; j++)
        {
            const float sample = f.sampleBox(left + j - center, scale, samples);

            //printf("%f %X\n", sample, *(uint32 *)&sample);

            m_data[i * m_windowSize + j] = sample;
            total += sample;
        }

        // normalize weights.
        for (int j = 0; j < m_windowSize; j++)
        {
            m_data[i * m_windowSize + j] /= total;
        }
    }
}

PolyphaseKernel::~PolyphaseKernel()
{
    delete [] m_data;
}


// Print the kernel for debugging purposes.
void PolyphaseKernel::debugPrint() const
{
    for (uint i = 0; i < m_length; i++)
    {
        nvDebug("%d: ", i);
        for (int j = 0; j < m_windowSize; j++)
        {
            nvDebug(" %6.4f", m_data[i * m_windowSize + j]);
        }
        nvDebug("\n");
    }
}

