diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
index 1f706e5..395bbee 100644
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ ColumnLimit: 120
 AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Always
 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All
 AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: MultiLine
+#RequiresClausePositionStyle: SingleLine # requires Clang 15 :(
 #AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: true
 ---
 
diff --git a/quicktex/Matrix.h b/quicktex/Matrix.h
index 8c5cefa..ad2720d 100644
--- a/quicktex/Matrix.h
+++ b/quicktex/Matrix.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include <numeric>
 #include <xsimd/xsimd.hpp>
 
+#include "util/iterator.h"
 #include "util/map.h"
 #include "util/math.h"
 #include "util/ranges.h"
@@ -417,10 +418,10 @@ class Matrix : public VecBase<std::conditional_t<N == 1, T, VecBase<T, T, N>>, T
     }
 
    protected:
-    class column_iterator : public index_iterator_base<column_iterator> {
+    class column_iterator : public index_iterator_base<column_iterator, column_type> {
        public:
         using value_type = column_type;
-        using base = index_iterator_base<column_iterator>;
+        using base = index_iterator_base<column_iterator, column_type>;
 
         column_iterator(const Matrix *matrix = nullptr, int index = 0) : base(index), _matrix(matrix){};
 
@@ -435,10 +436,10 @@ class Matrix : public VecBase<std::conditional_t<N == 1, T, VecBase<T, T, N>>, T
         const Matrix *_matrix;
     };
 
-    template <typename V> class linear_iterator : public index_iterator_base<linear_iterator<V>> {
+    template <typename V> class linear_iterator : public index_iterator_base<linear_iterator<V>, T> {
        public:
-        using value_type = column_type;
-        using base = index_iterator_base<linear_iterator<V>>;
+        using value_type = T;
+        using base = index_iterator_base<linear_iterator<V>, T>;
 
         linear_iterator(V *matrix = nullptr, int index = 0) : base(index), _matrix(matrix){};
 
diff --git a/quicktex/util/bitbash.h b/quicktex/util/bitbash.h
index 44d32b3..dc3a6a7 100644
--- a/quicktex/util/bitbash.h
+++ b/quicktex/util/bitbash.h
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <numeric>
 #include <type_traits>
 
+#include "iterator.h"
 #include "util/math.h"
 #include "util/ranges.h"
 
@@ -125,7 +126,7 @@ size_t unpack_into(P packed, OI begin, OI end, WI widths, bool little_endian = t
 template <typename P, typename OR, typename WR>
     requires std::unsigned_integral<P> && range<OR> && range<WR>
 size_t unpack_into(P packed, OR &dest, const WR &widths, bool little_endian = true) {
-    assert(distance(widths) == distance(dest));
+    assert(size(widths) == size(dest));
     return unpack_into(packed, dest.begin(), dest.end(), widths.begin(), little_endian);
 }
 
@@ -201,7 +202,7 @@ std::array<U, N> unpack(P packed, const std::array<size_t, N> &widths, bool litt
 template <typename U, size_t N, typename P, typename WR>
     requires std::unsigned_integral<P> && range<WR>
 std::array<U, N> unpack(P packed, const WR &widths, bool little_endian = true) {
-    assert(distance(widths) == N);
+    assert(size(widths) == N);
     return unpack<U, N>(packed, widths.begin(), little_endian);
 }
 
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ inline constexpr P pack(II start, II end, WI widths, bool little_endian = true)
 template <typename P, typename IR, typename WR>
     requires std::unsigned_integral<P> && range<IR> && range<WR>
 inline constexpr P pack(IR r, WR widths, bool little_endian = true) {
-    assert(distance(widths) == distance(r));
+    assert(size(widths) == size(r));
     return pack<P>(r.begin(), r.end(), widths.start(), little_endian);
 }
 
diff --git a/quicktex/util/bitwiseEnums.h b/quicktex/util/bitwiseEnums.h
index 4f74a97..605de1b 100644
--- a/quicktex/util/bitwiseEnums.h
+++ b/quicktex/util/bitwiseEnums.h
@@ -65,4 +65,4 @@ constexpr inline auto operator^=(E& a, E b) noexcept -> E& {
     a = a ^ b;
     return a;
 }
-}  // namespace quicktex::util
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace quicktex
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/quicktex/util/iterator.h b/quicktex/util/iterator.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c79bb70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/quicktex/util/iterator.h
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+/*  Quicktex Texture Compression Library
+    Copyright (C) 2021 Andrew Cassidy <drewcassidy@me.com>
+    Partially derived from rgbcx.h written by Richard Geldreich <richgel99@gmail.com>
+    and licenced under the public domain
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace quicktex {
+
+namespace detail {
+template <class R> using subs_value_t = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(std::declval<R &>()[0])>;
+}
+
+template <typename D, typename T> class index_iterator_base {
+   public:
+    using value_type = T;
+    using size_type = int;
+    using difference_type = int;
+
+    D &operator++() {
+        _index++;
+        return static_cast<D &>(*this);
+    }
+    D operator++(int) {
+        D old = static_cast<D &>(*this);
+        _index++;
+        return old;
+    }
+    D &operator--() {
+        _index--;
+        return static_cast<D &>(*this);
+    }
+    D operator--(int) {
+        D old = static_cast<D &>(*this);
+        _index--;
+        return old;
+    }
+
+    D operator+(difference_type rhs) const {
+        D d = static_cast<const D &>(*this);
+        d._index += rhs;
+        return d;
+    }
+
+    D operator-(difference_type rhs) const {
+        D d = static_cast<const D &>(*this);
+        d._index -= rhs;
+        return d;
+    }
+
+    D &operator+=(difference_type rhs) {
+        *this = *this + rhs;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    D &operator-=(difference_type rhs) {
+        *this = *this - rhs;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    difference_type operator-(const D &rhs) const { return (difference_type)_index - rhs._index; }
+
+    friend D operator+(difference_type lhs, const D &rhs) { return rhs + lhs; }
+
+    friend auto operator<=>(const D &lhs, const D &rhs) { return lhs._index <=> rhs._index; }
+
+    T &operator[](difference_type i) { return *(static_cast<D &>(*this) + i); }
+    T &operator[](difference_type i) const { return *(static_cast<const D &>(*this) + i); }
+
+   protected:
+    int _index;
+
+   private:
+    friend D;
+    index_iterator_base(size_t index = 0) : _index(index) {}
+};
+
+template <typename R>
+    requires requires(const R &r) { r[0]; }
+class index_iterator : public index_iterator_base<index_iterator<R>, detail::subs_value_t<R>> {
+   public:
+    using base = index_iterator_base<index_iterator<R>, detail::subs_value_t<R>>;
+    using typename base::difference_type;
+    using typename base::size_type;
+    using typename base::value_type;
+
+    index_iterator() : base(0), _range(nullptr) {}
+    index_iterator(R &range, int index) : base(index), _range(&range) {}
+
+    value_type &operator*() const {
+        assert(_range != nullptr);
+        assert(this->_index >= 0);
+        assert(this->_index < (size_type)_range->size());
+        return (*_range)[this->_index];
+    }
+    value_type *operator->() const { return &(this->operator*()); }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const index_iterator &lhs, const index_iterator &rhs) {
+        return (lhs._range == rhs._range) && (lhs._index == rhs._index);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    R *_range;
+};
+
+template <typename T> class const_iterator : public index_iterator_base<const_iterator<T>, const T> {
+   public:
+    using base = index_iterator_base<const_iterator<T>, const T>;
+    using typename base::difference_type;
+    using typename base::size_type;
+    using typename base::value_type;
+
+    const_iterator() : base(0), _value(T{}) {}
+    const_iterator(T value, int index = 0) : base(index), _value(value) {}
+
+    value_type &operator*() const { return _value; }
+    value_type *operator->() const { return &_value; }
+
+    friend bool operator==(const const_iterator &lhs, const const_iterator &rhs) {
+        return (lhs._value == rhs._value) && (lhs._index == rhs._index);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    T _value;
+};
+
+// const_iterator is guaranteed to be a random access iterator. it is not writable for obvious reasons
+static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<const_iterator<int>>);
+
+// index_iterator satisfied forward_iterator
+static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<index_iterator<std::array<int, 4>>>);
+}  // namespace quicktex
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/quicktex/util/map.h b/quicktex/util/map.h
index c0bf127..b9a8436 100644
--- a/quicktex/util/map.h
+++ b/quicktex/util/map.h
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace quicktex {
 namespace detail {
 
 template <typename T>
-concept simdable = subscriptable_range<T> && std::contiguous_iterator<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin())> &&
+concept simdable = random_access_range<T> && std::contiguous_iterator<decltype(std::declval<T>().begin())> &&
                    std::is_arithmetic_v<range_value_t<T>>;
 template <typename T, bool serial = false> struct chunker_impl {};
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ struct chunker_impl<T, serial> {
 };
 
 template <typename T, bool serial>
-    requires subscriptable_range<T> && (!simdable<T> || serial)
+    requires random_access_range<T> && (!simdable<T> || serial)
 struct chunker_impl<T, serial> {
     // range with data that cant be SIMDed
     static constexpr size_t steps = 1;
diff --git a/quicktex/util/ranges.h b/quicktex/util/ranges.h
index 84f1cd2..1a46937 100644
--- a/quicktex/util/ranges.h
+++ b/quicktex/util/ranges.h
@@ -29,171 +29,46 @@
 #include <numeric>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
-#include <vector>
 
 namespace quicktex {
 
-// std::ranges::range is not usable by default in libc++ 13
+// std::ranges is not usable by default in libc++ 13
 template <class T>
 concept range = requires(T &t) {
                     t.begin();
                     t.end();
                 };
 
-template <class T>
-concept sized = requires(T &t) { std::size(t); };
+using std::size;
+template <range T> constexpr auto size(const T &range) { return std::distance(range.begin(), range.end()); }
 
 template <class T>
-concept sized_range = range<T> && sized<T>;
+concept sized_range = range<T> && requires(T &t) { size(t); };
 
-template <typename T>
-concept const_subscriptable = requires(T &t) {
-                                  t[0];
-                                  std::size(t);
-                              };
+template <class R> using iterator_t = decltype(std::declval<R &>().begin());
+template <class R> using sentinel_t = decltype(std::declval<R &>().end());
+template <class R> using range_size_t = decltype(size(std::declval<R &>()));
+template <class R> using range_difference_t = std::iter_difference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+template <class R> using range_value_t = std::iter_value_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+template <class R> using range_reference_t = std::iter_reference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
+template <class R> using range_rvalue_reference_t = std::iter_rvalue_reference_t<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-template <class T>
-concept subscriptable = const_subscriptable<T> && requires(T &t) {
-                                                      t[0] = std::declval<decltype(t[0])>();  // subscript is assignable
-                                                  };
+template <class R>
+concept input_range = range<R> && std::input_iterator<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-template <typename T>
-concept subscriptable_range = sized_range<T> && subscriptable<T>;
+template <class R, typename T>
+concept output_range = range<R> && (std::output_iterator<iterator_t<R>, T>);
 
-template <typename T> struct range_value { using type = void; };
+template <class R>
+concept forward_range = range<R> && std::forward_iterator<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-template <typename T>
-    requires requires(T &t) { std::begin(t); }
-struct range_value<T> {
-    using type = std::iter_value_t<decltype((std::declval<T>()).begin())>;
-};
+template <class R>
+concept bidirectional_range = range<R> && std::bidirectional_iterator<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-template <typename T> using range_value_t = typename range_value<T>::type;
+template <class R>
+concept random_access_range = range<R> && std::random_access_iterator<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-// some quick inline checks
-static_assert(const_subscriptable<const std::array<int, 4>>);  // const array can be subscripted
-static_assert(!subscriptable<const std::array<int, 4>>);       // const array cannot be assigned to
-static_assert(subscriptable_range<std::array<int, 4>>);  // array is subscriptable, sized, and has begin() and end()
-static_assert(sized_range<std::initializer_list<int>>);  // initializer list is a range and has size()
-static_assert(std::same_as<range_value_t<int>, void>);
+template <class R>
+concept contiguous_range = range<R> && std::contiguous_iterator<iterator_t<R>>;
 
-template <class T>
-    requires range<T>
-size_t distance(T range) {
-    return std::distance(range.begin(), range.end());
-}
-
-template <typename D> class index_iterator_base {
-   public:
-    typedef long long difference_type;
-
-    D &operator++() {
-        _index++;
-        return static_cast<D &>(*this);
-    }
-    D operator++(int) {
-        D old = static_cast<D &>(*this);
-        _index++;
-        return old;
-    }
-    D &operator--() {
-        _index--;
-        return static_cast<D &>(*this);
-    }
-    D operator--(int) {
-        D old = static_cast<D &>(*this);
-        _index--;
-        return old;
-    }
-
-    D operator+(difference_type rhs) const {
-        D d = static_cast<const D &>(*this);
-        d._index += rhs;
-        return d;
-    }
-
-    D operator-(difference_type rhs) const {
-        D d = static_cast<const D &>(*this);
-        d._index -= rhs;
-        return d;
-    }
-
-    D &operator+=(difference_type rhs) {
-        *this = *this + rhs;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    D &operator-=(difference_type rhs) {
-        *this = *this - rhs;
-        return *this;
-    }
-
-    difference_type operator-(const D &rhs) const { return (difference_type)_index - rhs._index; }
-
-    friend D operator+(difference_type lhs, const D &rhs) { return rhs + lhs; }
-
-    friend auto operator<=>(const D &lhs, const D &rhs) { return lhs._index <=> rhs._index; }
-
-    auto &operator[](difference_type i) { return *(static_cast<D &>(*this) + i); }
-    auto operator[](difference_type i) const { return *(static_cast<const D &>(*this) + i); }
-
-   protected:
-    size_t _index;
-
-   private:
-    friend D;
-    index_iterator_base(size_t index = 0) : _index(index) {}
-};
-
-template <typename T> class const_iterator : public index_iterator_base<const_iterator<T>> {
-   public:
-    typedef index_iterator_base<const_iterator<T>> base;
-    typedef long long difference_type;
-    typedef T value_type;
-
-    const_iterator() : base(0), _value(T{}) {}
-    const_iterator(T value, size_t index = 0) : base(index), _value(value) {}
-
-    T operator*() const { return _value; }
-    const T *operator->() const { return &_value; }
-
-    friend bool operator==(const const_iterator &lhs, const const_iterator &rhs) {
-        return (lhs._value == rhs._value) && (lhs._index == rhs._index);
-    }
-
-   private:
-    T _value;
-};
-
-// const_iterator is guaranteed to be a random access iterator. it is not writable for obvious reasons
-static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<const_iterator<int>>);
-
-template <typename R>
-    requires subscriptable<R>
-class index_iterator : public index_iterator_base<index_iterator<R>> {
-   public:
-    using base = index_iterator_base<index_iterator<R>>;
-    using difference_type = long long;
-    using value_type = range_value_t<R>;
-
-    index_iterator() : base(0), _range(nullptr) {}
-    index_iterator(R &range, size_t index) : base(index), _range(&range) {}
-
-    auto operator*() const {
-        // if we have the information, do a bounds check
-        if constexpr (sized<R>) { assert(this->_index < std::size(*_range)); }
-        return (*_range)[this->_index];
-    }
-    auto *operator->() const { return &((*_range)[this->_index]); }
-
-    friend bool operator==(const index_iterator &lhs, const index_iterator &rhs) {
-        return (lhs._range == rhs._range) && (lhs._index == rhs._index);
-    }
-
-   private:
-    R *_range;
-};
-
-// index_iterator satisfied forward_iterator
-static_assert(std::random_access_iterator<index_iterator<std::array<int, 4>>>);
 }  // namespace quicktex
\ No newline at end of file